Historisches Seminar der Universität Zürich

Kolloquium WS 2000/01 "Europa und die Kurden"

1. Grenzüberschreitung und "minderheitliche Sphäre" (le transfrontalier et la sphère minoritaire). Der Begriff "minderheitliche Sphäre" und seine Korrelation mit ("starkem" oder "schwachem") Staat und zwischenstaatlichem Status quo.
   Bozarslan 1997, S. 297-301
2. Tribale, religiöse und wirtschaftliche Grenzüberschreitung. "En effet, la sauvegarde de l’unité et du fonctionnement hiérarchique d’une simple tribu divisée par la construction des États nécessite la traversée de la frontière, ce qui, en l’absence d’une réglementation juridique, ne peut se faire que par des passeurs clandestins, donc armés. […] De même, les frontières sont contestées par les marchands et l’espace urbain frontalier, car elles ne sont pas tracées selon les axes économiques pluriséculaires."
   Bozarslan 1997, S. 304-311
3. "Paralleldiplomatie" (diplomatie parallèle). "Dès la fin de la décennie soixante-dix (guerre Iran-Irak, guerre du Liban), les États du Moyen-Orient ne traitent plus uniquement (parfois même principalement) entre eux, mais avec des forces politiques ou militaires minoritaires (ethniques ou confessionnelles) qui n’ont pas d’existence juridique internationalement reconnue, mais qui disposent d’un fort potentiel de déstabilisation interne de l’État rival." Kurdische Beispiele? Einfluss der Paralleldiplomatie auf die kurdische Sphäre?
   Bozarslan 1997, S. 311-321
4. Die Kurden im internationalen System: Beispiel Kissinger (US-Aussenminister 1973-77). Weshalb die kurzfristige US-Unterstützung?
   Bozarslan 1997, S. 331-35
5. Die Kurden im internationalen System: Beispiel Zweiter Golfkrieg und Operationen Provide Comfort und Poised Hammer. Welches waren und sind die Grenzen westlicher Unterstützung für die Kurden?
   Bozarslan 1997, S. 337-47. Vgl. auch UN-Resolution 688. Vgl. auch den Kurzkommentar von John Deere (http://www.antiwar.com/orig/deere1.html).
6. Die Kurden im internationalen System: Israel und die Kurden. Geschichte dieser Beziehung. Israels Allianz mit der Türkei. Das offizielle Israel bei Öcalans Entführung.
   Vgl. Karmon, Ely, "The Showdown Between the PKK and Turkey--Syria's Setback", 22. 11. 1998, auf http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=55; Lynfiled, Ben, "Analyst calls for Israeli gestures toward Turkish Kurds", Jerusalem Post, 18. 2. 1999; O’Sullivan, Arieh, "Why the Kurds blame Israel", Jerusalem Post, 18. 2. 1999; Harman, Danna, "Turkey warns Israel: Don’t talk to PKK", Jerusalem Post, 19. 2. 1999.

RESOLUTION 688 (1991)

Adopted by the Security Council at its 2982nd meeting on 5 April 1991

The Security Council,

Mindful of its duties and its responsibilities under the Charter of the United Nations for the maintenance of international peace and security,

Recalling of Article 2, paragraph 7, of the Charter of the United Nations,

Gravely concerned by the repression of the Iraqi civilian population in many parts of Iraq, including most recently in Kurdish populated areas, which led to a massive flow of refugees towards and across international frontiers and to cross-border incursions, which threaten international peace and security in the region,

Deeply disturbed by the magnitude of the human suffering involved, Taking note of the letters sent by the representatives of Turkey and France to the United Nations dated 2 April 1991 and 4 April 1991, respectively (S/22435 and S/22442),

Taking note also of the letters sent by the Permanent Representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations dated 3 and 4 April 1991, respectively (S/22436 and S/22447),

Reaffirming the commitment of all Member States to the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of Iraq and of all States in the area,

Bearing in mind the Secretary-General's report of 20 March 1991 (S/22366),

1. Condemns the repression of the Iraqi civilian population in many parts of Iraq, including most recently in Kurdish populated areas, the consequences of which threaten international peace and security in the region;

2. Demands that Iraq, as a contribution to remove the threat to international peace and security in the region, immediately end this repression and express the hope in the same context that an open dialogue will take place to ensure that the human and political rights of all Iraqi citizens are respected;

3. Insists that Iraq allow immediate access by international humanitarian organizations to all those in need of assistance in all parts of Iraq and to make available all necessary facilities for their operations;

4. Requests the Secretary-General to pursue his humanitarian efforts in Iraq and to report forthwith, if appropriate on the basis of a further mission to the region, on the plight of the Iraqi civilian population, and in particular the Kurdish population, suffering from the repression in all its forms inflicted by the Iraqi authorities;

5. Requests further the Secretary-General to use all the resources at his disposal, including those of the relevant United Nations agencies, to address urgently the critical needs of the refugees and displaced Iraqi population;

6. Appeals to all Member States and to all humanitarian organizations to contribute to these humanitarian relief efforts;

7. Demands that Iraq cooperate with the Secretary-General to these ends;

8. Decides to remain seized of the matter.